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Key Points

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Reference_description_with_linked_URLs_______________________Notes______________________________________________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination
https://www.chunkerowaterplant.com/news/water-desalination-cost-per-gallonevaporation and RO costs
https://genesiswatertech.com/blog-post/seawater-ro-operating-costs-analysis/seawater RO costs
https://medium.com/@desalter/desalination-plant-cost-factors-and-benefits-of-producing-clean-water-58786ba3bb99seawater RO costs and benefits - big plants, big costs, high output & discharge
https://medium.com/@desalter/plant-prices-the-costs-of-constructing-a-desalination-facility-2c31f7fcb690seawater RO costs
https://www.aquatechtrade.com/news/desalination/worlds-largest-desalination-plantsRas Al-Khair is a hybrid project that uses both thermal multistage flash (MSF) and reverse osmosis (RO) technologies.  – uses flash evaporation and RO











Key Concepts


Common Methods to Produce Clean Water Sustainably


Wells can produce clean water

only sustainable where the water table is naturally replenished annually ( eg Maine vs Arizona )


Water conservation 

only sustainable where there is adequate rainfall annually collected from roof tops, dew etc


Recycled Wastewater 

sustainable method with supply limited by wasterwater availability and type ( no toxic chemicals etc ) and may have very high treatment costs making it uneconomical


Desalination of Seawater

Works well near seawater sources where transport costs are minimized




Potential Value Opportunities

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Potential Challenges



Candidate Solutions



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